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S4R SolidScan™ R — Operando Raman Cell

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The S4R SolidScan™ R is a compact sealed compression cell developed for in situ and operando Raman characterization of all-solid-state battery materials, interfaces, and complete electrochemical stacks.

Unlike conventional optical cells designed around pre-formed samples, the SolidScan™ R enables the battery stack to be built and compacted directly inside the final characterization cell. Solid-electrolyte and electrode layers can be introduced sequentially and compressed using an external laboratory press. The completed assembly is then mechanically secured, providing a compact platform for subsequent electrochemical and Raman measurements.

The cell combines opposed compression plungers with an 8.00 mm-wide D-shaped compression profile, hardened stainless steel 410, hard chromium surface protection, PEEK electrical insulation, static silicone O-ring sealing, and an independent removable sapphire optical module. The Raman optical axis is arranged orthogonally to the primary compression axis, allowing spectroscopic access to the electrochemical stack while preserving the mechanically confined cell architecture.

The complete SolidScan™ R measures 85 × 50 × 50 mm, has a nominal mass of 800 g, and supports nominal preparatory pressures of up to 400 MPa using an external laboratory press. For air- or moisture-sensitive materials, the complete cell can be prepared and sealed inside a glovebox before transfer to external Raman and electrochemical instrumentation.

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Operando Raman All-Solid-State Test Cell

S4R SolidScan™ R

Press-Formed Optical Cell for All-Solid-State Battery Characterisation

The S4R SolidScan™ R is a compact sealed compression cell developed for in situ and operando Raman characterisation of all-solid-state battery materials, interfaces, and complete electrochemical stacks.

The electrochemical stack is formed directly inside the final cell using an external laboratory press. Solid-electrolyte and electrode layers can be introduced and compacted sequentially along the compression axis between the two opposed plungers before the complete assembly is mechanically secured for subsequent electrochemical and Raman characterisation.

Compression Profile
D-Shaped · 8.00 mm
Cell Dimensions
85 × 50 × 50 mm
Optical Window
Sapphire
Preparatory Pressure
Up to 400 MPa*
Product Highlights

From powder compaction to operando Raman analysis

A single compact platform for controlled all-solid-state battery preparation, electrochemical testing, and optical characterisation.

01
Direct Stack Formation
Electrode and solid-electrolyte layers are formed directly inside the final characterisation cell.
02
High-Pressure Preparation
An external laboratory press supports nominal preparatory pressures of up to 400 MPa.
03
Cross-Section Raman Access
The sapphire-window module provides Raman access to the cross-section of the compressed electrochemical stack.
04
Controlled-Atmosphere Transfer
The sealed cell can be prepared under inert atmosphere and transferred to external characterisation equipment.
01 · Operando Raman Principle

Cross-section observation without dismantling the electrochemical stack

Raman spectroscopy can provide molecular and structural information on active materials, solid electrolytes, reaction products, phase evolution, and interfacial chemistry during electrochemical operation.

In the SolidScan™ R, the two opposed plungers define the primary compression axis of the battery stack. The Raman optical axis passes through the sapphire-window module and is arranged orthogonally to the primary compression axis.

This geometry provides spectroscopic access to the cross-section of the working electrode, solid electrolyte, counter electrode, and the interfaces between these layers while preserving the compact, mechanically confined electrochemical assembly.

02 · Direct Stack Formation

Build and compact the battery directly inside the measurement cell

The SolidScan™ R is designed so that the electrochemical stack can be prepared directly between the opposed plungers instead of transferring a separately pressed pellet into another characterisation holder.

During press formation, the cell is oriented so that the opposed-plunger axis is aligned with the loading axis of the external laboratory press. The successive battery layers are therefore formed and compacted along the compression axis between the two plungers.

1
Load Introduce the first solid-electrolyte or electrode material.
2
Press Compact the material using an external laboratory press.
3
Build Repeat material loading and compaction for the successive battery layers along the same compression axis.
4
Secure Mechanically secure the completed cell assembly before subsequent handling and characterisation.
03 · Cell Architecture

Opposed compression with orthogonal Raman access

Two opposed plungers transmit the load supplied by the external laboratory press to the all-solid-state battery stack and define its primary compression axis.

For Raman characterisation, the optical axis passes through the sapphire-window module and is arranged orthogonally to the compression axis. This provides direct observation of the stack cross-section rather than only an external electrode surface.

After stack preparation, the integrated fastening system mechanically secures the complete cell assembly for handling, electrochemical measurement, and Raman characterisation.

04 · Raman Optical Module

Independent removable sapphire-window assembly

The Raman optical module incorporates a sapphire window providing spectroscopic access to the cross-section of the electrochemical stack while maintaining the enclosed cell architecture required for sensitive solid-state battery materials.

The complete optical module is mechanically independent and removable, simplifying inspection, cleaning, routine maintenance, and optical-window replacement.

Optical-background note Sapphire exhibits intrinsic Raman features. Acquisition of an appropriate background or reference spectrum is recommended when spectral regions close to sapphire Raman modes are of interest.
05 · Mechanical Construction & Sealing

Hardened stainless steel 410 with PEEK insulation

The principal metallic load-bearing components and compression plungers are manufactured from hardened stainless steel 410 to provide the rigidity required for high-pressure solid-state battery preparation.

Hard chromium surface treatment improves surface hardness and wear resistance during repeated press-forming, assembly, disassembly, and cleaning. Dedicated PEEK components provide electrical insulation and mechanical separation between conductive sections of the cell.

Static silicone O-rings provide sealing between the principal cell components when correctly installed. The sealed architecture is designed for transfer between controlled-atmosphere preparation and external characterisation equipment.

Controlled-atmosphere transfer The sealing system is intended to keep the electrochemical stack enclosed during transfer and characterisation. Suitability for extended storage or prolonged exposure outside controlled atmosphere depends on the experimental conditions and material sensitivity.
D-Shaped Compression Profile
Nominal active plunger geometry
8.00 mm
4.00 mm
Semicircular end · Ø8.00 mm
Nominal Area · 57.13 mm²
06 · Electrical Connections

Integrated 2 mm banana plug connections

The two principal electrode sections incorporate Ø2 mm electrical connection holes compatible with standard 2 mm banana plugs.

The SolidScan™ R can therefore be connected directly to compatible battery cyclers, potentiostats, impedance analysers, and other electrochemical measurement systems.

Preparatory Pressure

High-pressure stack preparation up to 400 MPa

Preparation pressure is generated by an external laboratory press and calculated from the force applied to the nominal D-shaped compressed area.

Nominal compressed area: 57.13 mm²
Nominal Pressure Applied Force Approximate Load
100 MPa 5.71 kN 0.58 tf
200 MPa 11.43 kN 1.17 tf
300 MPa 17.14 kN 1.75 tf
400 MPa 22.85 kN 2.33 tf
Nominal Pressure = Applied Force / Nominal Compressed Area The external laboratory press must be selected with appropriate capacity and laboratory safety margin. The values shown describe preparatory pressure applied during stack formation and should not be interpreted as a specified retained stack pressure during subsequent electrochemical operation.
07 · Controlled-Atmosphere Workflow

Prepare inside the glovebox, characterise outside

Air- and moisture-sensitive materials can be loaded, compacted, assembled, and sealed inside an appropriate glovebox or controlled atmosphere.

Once assembly is complete, the SolidScan™ R forms a compact, self-contained test cell designed for transfer to external Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical characterisation equipment.

The electrochemical stack remains enclosed during transfer, allowing the cell to move directly from controlled-atmosphere preparation to operando Raman spectroscopy and cycling without reopening the assembly.

Typical Applications

Advanced Raman characterisation of all-solid-state batteries

Designed for studies correlating electrochemical operation with Raman-observable structural and chemical evolution.

Solid-Electrolyte Characterisation
Investigation of structural and chemical evolution in solid electrolytes during electrochemical operation.
Electrode / Electrolyte Interfaces
Study of reaction products and chemical changes occurring at compressed solid-solid interfaces.
Operando Charge / Discharge Analysis
Correlation of Raman spectral evolution with electrochemical state during cycling.
Air-Sensitive Materials
Preparation under controlled atmosphere followed by transfer to external characterisation equipment without reopening the cell.
Dimensions & Mass

Compact 85 × 50 × 50 mm construction

The complete SolidScan™ R has nominal external dimensions of 85 × 50 × 50 mm and a nominal mass of 800 g.

Technical Specifications

S4R SolidScan™ R Specifications

Parameter Specification
Product Type Operando Raman compression cell for all-solid-state batteries
Electrochemical Configuration Two-electrode all-solid-state battery configuration
Compression Architecture Two opposed compression plungers
Compression Profile D-shaped profile: 8.00 mm width, 4.00 mm straight section, and one semicircular Ø8.00 mm end
Nominal Compressed Area 57.13 mm²
Press Formation Orientation Opposed-plunger axis aligned with the loading axis of the external laboratory press
Metallic Material Hardened stainless steel 410
Surface Treatment Hard chromium coating
Electrical Insulation PEEK
Static Sealing Silicone O-rings
Optical Window Material Sapphire
Optical Module Independent removable Raman optical module
Optical Orientation Raman optical axis orthogonal to the primary compression axis
Raman Observation Geometry Cross-section observation of the compressed electrochemical stack
Optical Interface Details Clear aperture, window thickness, and objective working-distance guidance available from S4R on request
Electrical Connections 2 × Ø2 mm connection holes for 2 mm banana plugs
Stack Preparation Sequential material loading and compaction along the compression axis between the two opposed plungers
Stack Thickness Compatibility Configuration-dependent; dimensional guidance available from S4R on request
Preparatory Pressure Application External laboratory press
Maximum Nominal Preparatory Pressure Up to 400 MPa*
Force at 400 MPa 22.85 kN, approximately 2.33 tf
External Dimensions 85 × 50 × 50 mm
Nominal Cell Mass 800 g
Maximum Cell Temperature Up to 120 °C with appropriate external temperature-control equipment
Integrated Heating No
Glovebox Assembly Compatible
External Transfer Designed for transfer after complete sealed assembly
Construction Fully disassemblable for sample loading, cleaning, maintenance, and optical-window servicing
08 · Included Components

Complete SolidScan™ R cell assembly

The SolidScan™ R is supplied as a complete characterisation cell with the principal components required for routine assembly, electrical connection, sealing, and Raman operation.

Complete Cell Assembly
SolidScan™ R mechanical assembly including compression plungers, PEEK components, silicone sealing elements, and fastening hardware.
Sapphire Optical Window Set
Sapphire optical window set for use with the removable Raman module. Supplied quantity according to the delivered configuration.
Assembly Tools
Standard tools required for routine cell assembly and fastening.
Electrical Cables
Electrical connection cables compatible with the Ø2 mm cell ports.
Spare Seals
5 spare silicone O-rings of each supplied seal size.
User Manual
Assembly, press preparation, electrical connection, Raman operation, maintenance, and cleaning guidance.
External equipment Laboratory press, Raman microscope, battery cycler, potentiostat, glovebox, and external temperature-control equipment are not included unless explicitly stated in the quotation.
Raman measurement note Signal quality, accessible Raman shift range, spatial resolution, measurement depth, and spectral background depend on microscope configuration, excitation wavelength, objective, sample composition, focal conditions, and optical-window contribution.
Material-compatibility note Compatibility of conductive contact surfaces, sealing materials, and optical components should be evaluated with respect to the intended electrode and solid-electrolyte chemistry. Particular attention should be given to material compatibility when working with reactive or sulphide-based solid electrolytes.
Controlled-atmosphere note Air- or moisture-sensitive materials should be assembled and sealed under an appropriate controlled atmosphere before transfer to external characterisation equipment.
Temperature-control note The SolidScan™ R does not incorporate an integrated heating system. Operation at elevated temperature requires suitable external temperature-control equipment and an experimental configuration compatible with the selected temperature.
* Maximum nominal preparatory pressure depends on correct cell assembly, mechanical condition, external press capacity, and applicable laboratory safety margin.

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