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S4R in published research

Scientific Publications

Explore research using S4R electrochemical cells, battery materials and laboratory components.

Selected publications

Advanced Energy Materials · 2024

Phosphorus–graphene anodes for fast-charging batteries

Gil Daffan et al.

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Gil Daffan et al. In-Situ Laser Synthesis of Molecularly Dispersed and Covalently Bound Phosphorus-Graphene Adducts as Self-Standing 3D Anodes for High-Performance Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials 14(36), 2401832, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202401832.

S4R product usedLithium metal discs, 15 mm

Lithium metal discs purchased from S4R were used as counter electrodes in half-cells evaluating phosphorus–graphene anodes.

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Advanced Science · 2024

An alternative polymer binder for battery electrodes

Ivone Marselina Nugraha et al.

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Ivone Marselina Nugraha et al. An Alternative Polymer Material to PVDF Binder and Carbon Additive in Li-Ion Battery Positive Electrode. Advanced Science 11(46), 2409403, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202409403.

S4R product usedCarbon-coated LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 powder

S4R supplied the commercial LFMP46 active material used to evaluate an alternative conducting polymer binder for positive electrodes.

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More published research

Nano-Micro Letters · 2026

Laser-Driven Single-Step Synthesis of Monolithic Prelithiated Silicon-Graphene Anodes for Ultrahigh-Performance Zero-Decay Lithium-Ion Batteries

Avinash Kothuru et al.

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Avinash Kothuru et al. Laser-Driven Single-Step Synthesis of Monolithic Prelithiated Silicon-Graphene Anodes for Ultrahigh-Performance Zero-Decay Lithium-Ion Batteries. Nano-Micro Letters 18, 220, 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s40820-026-02074-2.

S4R product usedLithium metal discs, 15 mm

Lithium metal discs purchased from S4R were used in half-cell tests of prelithiated silicon–graphene anodes.

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Advanced Science · 2024

Boosting Zinc Hybrid Supercapacitor Performance via Thiol Functionalization of Graphene-Based Cathodes

Cataldo Valentini et al.

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Cataldo Valentini et al. Boosting Zinc Hybrid Supercapacitor Performance via Thiol Functionalization of Graphene-Based Cathodes. Advanced Science 11(22), 2309041, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309041.

S4R product usedCoin cell cases

Coin cell cases from S4R were used in experiments on zinc hybrid supercapacitors with functionalized graphene cathodes.

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ACS Materials Letters · 2022

Revisiting Phase Transformation Mechanisms in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 High Voltage Cathodes with Operando Microdiffraction

Isaac Martens et al.

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Isaac Martens et al. Revisiting Phase Transformation Mechanisms in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 High Voltage Cathodes with Operando Microdiffraction. ACS Materials Letters 4, 2528–2536, 2022. DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.2c00787.

S4R product usedQuarter-inch electrochemical half-cell with PFA body

A commercial S4R half-cell was adapted by the researchers for operando X-ray microdiffraction of high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes.

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2023

High-Valence Surface-Modified LMO Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Diffusion Kinetics and Operando Thermal Stability Investigation

Mariam Baazizi et al.

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Mariam Baazizi et al. High-Valence Surface-Modified LMO Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Diffusion Kinetics and Operando Thermal Stability Investigation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15(34), 40385–40396, 2023. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05708.

S4R product usedElectrochemical Raman cell

An electrochemical Raman cell purchased from S4R was used for in situ Raman measurements of LiMn2O4 cathodes during charging.

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Carbon Energy · 2024

Pioneering the direct large-scale laser printing of flexible “graphenic silicon” self-standing thin films as ultrahigh-performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Avinash Kothuru et al.

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Avinash Kothuru et al. Pioneering the direct large-scale laser printing of flexible “graphenic silicon” self-standing thin films as ultrahigh-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Carbon Energy 6(7), e507, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/cey2.507.

S4R product usedLithium metal discs, 15 mm

Lithium metal discs purchased from S4R were used as counter electrodes to evaluate laser-printed silicon–graphene anodes.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A · 2024

Sodium 4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte incorporating molecular transporters for quasi-solid-state sodium batteries

Clemens Wunder et al.

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Clemens Wunder et al. Sodium 4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte incorporating molecular transporters for quasi-solid-state sodium batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 12(32), 20935–20946, 2024. DOI: 10.1039/D4TA02329C.

S4R product usedCR2032 coin cells and hydraulic coin cell crimping machine

S4R CR2032 cells and a hydraulic crimping machine were used to assemble cells for electrochemical characterization of sodium single-ion polymer electrolytes.

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Journal of Energy Chemistry · 2024

‘Jelly to Joule’: Direct laser writing of sustainable jellyfish-based ‘graphenic silicon’ anodes for environmentally remediating high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Gil Daffan et al.

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Gil Daffan et al. ‘Jelly to Joule’: Direct laser writing of sustainable jellyfish-based ‘graphenic silicon’ anodes for environmentally remediating high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 97, 553–565, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2024.05.056.

S4R product usedLithium metal discs, 15 mm

The authors report using lithium metal discs purchased from S4R in half-cell tests of jellyfish-derived silicon–carbon anodes.

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ChemSusChem · 2025

Operando Investigation of Zr Doping in NMC811 Cathode for High Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries

Mattia Colalongo et al. · First published online in 2024

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Mattia Colalongo et al. Operando Investigation of Zr Doping in NMC811 Cathode for High Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries. ChemSusChem 18(8), e202401796, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401796.

S4R product usedQuarter-inch electrochemical test cell

A commercial S4R cell was adapted by the researchers for operando diffraction experiments on zirconium-doped NMC811 cathodes.

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ChemSusChem · 2024

Glycerol Carbonate and Solketal Carbonate as Circular Economy Bricks for Supercapacitors and Potassium Batteries

Prisco Prete et al.

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Prisco Prete et al. Glycerol Carbonate and Solketal Carbonate as Circular Economy Bricks for Supercapacitors and Potassium Batteries. ChemSusChem 17(24), e202401636, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401636.

S4R product usedAluminium foil current collectors

Aluminium foils provided by S4R were used as current collectors in research on electrolyte solvents for supercapacitors and potassium batteries.

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Advanced Materials Technologies · 2023

Optimization of Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for High Voltage and Highly Stable Microsupercapacitors

Pietro Zaccagnini et al.

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Pietro Zaccagnini et al. Optimization of Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for High Voltage and Highly Stable Microsupercapacitors. Advanced Materials Technologies 8(23), 2300833, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300833.

S4R product usedBattery-grade aluminium

Battery-grade aluminium purchased from S4R was used for electrical contacts and current collectors in laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitor experiments.

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Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 2023

Critical Current Density Measurements of Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl Solid Electrolyte at Ambient Pressure

Artur Tron et al.

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Artur Tron et al. Critical Current Density Measurements of Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl Solid Electrolyte at Ambient Pressure. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, 100525, 2023. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad01e3.

S4R product usedHalf-inch electrochemical cells with SS316 plungers

S4R electrochemical cells were used in critical-current-density measurements of Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte at ambient pressure.

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Batteries & Supercaps · 2024

Olivine NaMn0.66Fe0.34PO4 as a Cathode Material for Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries

Tassadit Ouaneche et al.

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Tassadit Ouaneche et al. Olivine NaMn0.66Fe0.34PO4 as a Cathode Material for Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries. Batteries & Supercaps 7, e202400214, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400214.

S4R product usedLiMn0.66Fe0.34PO4 powder

S4R supplied the lithiated phosphate precursor that the researchers transformed into an olivine sodium-ion cathode material.

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EES Batteries · 2026

Influence of the backbone chemistry and side-chain spacer flexibility in sodium single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte for sodium-batteries

Clemens Wunder et al. · First published online in 2025

Full reference

Clemens Wunder et al. Influence of the backbone chemistry and side-chain spacer flexibility in sodium single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte for sodium-batteries. EES Batteries 2(1), 282–294, 2026. DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00145E.

S4R product usedCR2032 coin cell cases

S4R CR2032 cells were used for cycling tests of sodium batteries containing single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes.

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ACS Applied Polymer Materials · 2025

Understanding the Component-Driven Influence on the Electrochemical Properties in Single-Ion Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium-Based Batteries

Clemens Wunder et al.

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Clemens Wunder et al. Understanding the Component-Driven Influence on the Electrochemical Properties in Single-Ion Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium-Based Batteries. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 7(8), 4895–4907, 2025. DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c04234.

S4R product usedCR2032 coin cell cases

S4R CR2032 cells were used to assemble sodium cells for evaluating single-ion polymer electrolyte formulations.

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ChemistrySelect · 2025

Porous Carbon Nanospheres and MXene Nanocomposites for Enhanced Energy Storage Devices

Gowri Soman et al.

Full reference

Gowri Soman et al. Porous Carbon Nanospheres and MXene Nanocomposites for Enhanced Energy Storage Devices. ChemistrySelect 10(24), e00728, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/slct.202500728.

S4R product usedSS316 electrochemical test cell

A symmetric supercapacitor based on porous carbon nanospheres and MXene was evaluated in an SS316 electrochemical test cell supplied by S4R.

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Battery Energy · 2026

Lithiation Analysis of Metal Components for Li-Ion Battery Using Ion Beams

Arturo Galindo et al. · First published online in 2025

Full reference

Arturo Galindo et al. Lithiation Analysis of Metal Components for Li-Ion Battery Using Ion Beams. Battery Energy 5, e70076, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/bte2.70076.

S4R product usedTwo-terminal electrochemical cells and 99.9% lithium metal

S4R two-terminal electrochemical cells and lithium metal were used to study lithiation of metal components using ion beams.

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References document the use of specific S4R products. They do not imply endorsement by the authors, institutions or publishers.

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